Phytoplankton: The Invisible Architects of Aquatic Ecosystems and Guardians of Global Biogeochemical Equilibrium—A Comprehensive Review

Original Research | 2026 | Volume 1 | Issue 2 | Page 42-51

https://doi.org/10.66715/jirf/2026.v1.i2.4251

Reshma Rani Dash ¹, Sangeeta Mishra ², Binata Nayak ³

¹Department of Biotechnology, Sambalpur University, Odisha

²Coastal Management Cell, ICZMP, Central Laboratory, State Pollution Control Board, BBSR

³ Professor, School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University

Corresponding Author: reshmaranii.dash@gmail.com

Phytoplankton: The Invisible Architects of Aquatic Ecosystems and Guardians of Global Biog.

Download • 1.09MB

Abstract

Phytoplankton are microscopic, free-floating photosynthetic organisms that inhabit marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments. They play a fundamental role in aquatic ecosystems by converting solar energy into organic matter through photosynthesis, thereby forming the primary source of energy for aquatic food webs. In addition to supporting higher trophic levels, phytoplankton contribute significantly to global oxygen production, nutrient cycling, and the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, making them essential components of Earth's ecological and climatic systems.

The diversity, abundance, and distribution of phytoplankton communities are strongly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, light intensity, nutrient availability, water circulation, and seasonal variations. Because phytoplankton respond rapidly to changes in environmental conditions, they are widely recognized as reliable indicators of water quality and ecosystem health.

This review provides an overview of phytoplankton diversity, classification, ecological functions, and the major environmental factors that regulate their growth and distribution. It also examines their importance in maintaining aquatic productivity, supporting biodiversity, regulating biogeochemical processes, and sustaining fisheries resources. Furthermore, the review discusses contemporary challenges affecting phytoplankton communities, including climate change, eutrophication, and harmful algal blooms, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and research to better understand their ecological significance and ensure the sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems.

Keywords: Phytoplankton; Aquatic Ecosystems; Primary Productivity; Biodiversity; Nutrient Cycling; Carbon Sequestration; Bioindicators; Water Quality; Climate Change; Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs).